Notes:

1. Effective and efficient response is dependent on availability of resilient infrastructure for search and rescue, evacuation, provisioning of basic services and distribution of food and water. The institutional elements of response include the provision of emergency services and public assistance by public and private and community sectors, as well as community and volunteer participation. “Emergency services” are a critical set of specialized agencies that have specific responsibilities in serving and protecting people and property in emergency and disaster situations. They include civil protection authorities and police and fire services, among many others.

2. Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs but must also consider long-term sustainability goals. It can be organized, or emergent and spontaneous on the part of those affected. It should consider local priorities and existing capacities and it should be informed by cultural values and include the conservation of assets such as cultural heritage.

3. The effectiveness of response in relation to infrastructure is seen in immediate post-impact analysis of the security of damaged infrastructure, controls over use of such infrastructure and immediate activation of alternative service provision.

4. Effective, efficient, and timely response relies on disaster preparedness measures, including the development of the capacities of individuals, communities, organizations, countries, and the international community. See also “Disaster preparedness”.

5. The division between the response stage and the subsequent recovery stage is not clear-cut. The adequacy and efficiency of response will influence more permanent recovery and reconstruction processes. Some response actions, such as the emergency provision of housing, electricity, and water, may extend well into the recovery stage. Although only designed for temporary use, these provisions may become permanent for various reasons.